Language shapes how we understand and interact with the world, and this is particularly true when discussing autism. Over the years, terms once used to describe autism have been abandoned due to a growing awareness of their inaccuracies, stigmatizing connotations, or failure to respect the lived experiences of autistic individuals. In this blog, we’ll explore some outdated terms, why they’re problematic, and how embracing updated language fosters inclusivity and understanding.
1. “Asperger’s Syndrome”
• Why it was used: Introduced in the DSM-IV (1994), this term described a “high-functioning” form of autism characterized by social difficulties and repetitive behaviors but with average to above-average intelligence.
•Why it’s outdated: The DSM-5 (2013) replaced “Asperger’s Syndrome” with “Autism Spectrum Disorder” (ASD) to emphasize the spectrum’s diversity rather than dividing individuals into hierarchical subcategories. Moreover, Hans Asperger’s controversial ties to Nazi eugenics programs have led many to reject the term.
•Preferred term: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), or simply “autistic.” or however the autistic individual wants to be referred to as. I always say treat people how they want to be treated.
2. “High-Functioning” and “Low-Functioning”
•Why they were used: These terms attempted to categorize autistic individuals based on perceived abilities, often related to speech, independence, or cognitive functioning.
•Why they’re outdated: These labels reduce a person to a single dimension of ability while ignoring the nuances of their strengths and challenges. For instance, someone labeled “high-functioning” may still face significant struggles, and “low-functioning” can diminish a person’s dignity and potential.
•Preferred language: Use specific descriptions, such as “requires significant support with communication” or “is independent in daily tasks,” rather than binary labels.
3. “Autism Spectrum Disorder” as a Pathology
•Why it was used: In clinical and medical contexts, autism has often been described as a “disorder” requiring diagnosis and treatment.
•Why it’s outdated: Many autistic advocates view this medicalized language as overly focused on deficits rather than recognizing autism as a neurodiverse way of being. This framing contributes to stigma and marginalization.
•Preferred term: While “ASD” is still used in diagnostic contexts, many in the autistic community prefer identity-first language (e.g., “autistic person”) and focus on autism as a difference, not a defect.
4. “Mental Retardation”
•Why it was used: This term historically described cognitive impairments, including those sometimes associated with autism.
•Why it’s outdated: It is now widely recognized as offensive and stigmatizing. The term was officially replaced in U.S. federal law with “intellectual disability” in 2010 under Rosa’s Law.
•Preferred term: Intellectual or developmental disability, when applicable.
5. “Pervasive Developmental Disorder” (PDD)
•Why it was used: The DSM-IV grouped autism under PDD, a category including several related diagnoses like PDD-NOS (Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified).
•Why it’s outdated: This umbrella term was often confusing and overly broad. The DSM-5 consolidated these into Autism Spectrum Disorder to reflect a unified diagnosis.
•Preferred term: Autism Spectrum Disorder.
6. “Sufferer” or “Victim”
•Why they were used: These terms reflected a perspective that autism is inherently tragic or debilitating.
•Why they’re outdated: Many autistic individuals reject this narrative, emphasizing their autonomy, strengths, and fulfillment. Such language undermines their dignity and promotes pity rather than acceptance.
•Preferred language: Respectful, neutral terms like “autistic person” or “person with autism,” depending on individual preference.
7. “Special Needs”
•Why it was used: This term was intended as a euphemism for disabilities, including autism.
•Why it’s outdated: While still widely used, many advocates consider it patronizing and vague. It separates individuals from the idea that everyone has needs, some of which may require accommodation.
•Preferred term: Disability. Many autistic individuals embrace the term as part of their identity.
Why Language Matters
Using outdated or stigmatizing terminology perpetuates harmful stereotypes and alienates the very people the language is meant to describe. By adopting updated, respectful terms, we contribute to a more inclusive society that values and respects autistic individuals for who they are.
As we evolve in our understanding of autism, it’s crucial to listen to autistic voices. Advocates remind us that language is not just a tool for communication—it’s a reflection of our values. Let’s choose words that empower and affirm the diverse and vibrant autistic community. I am so grateful for the evolution and growth in linguistics surrounding autism and neurodiversity that has taken place these past 20 years. As an autistic person myself, I’ve had to learn new ways to refer to how I am in a way that’s more accepting and inclusive and way less degrading than previously. Although, I’ll admit, I’m going to miss being able to say “Kiss my Aspergers.”
What are your thoughts on these terms? Are there others you think we should leave behind? Let’s continue the conversation in the comments below!
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